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TASM USER'S MANUAL TASM - A Table Driven Cross Assembler for the MSDOS* Environment Thomas N. Anderson Speech Technology Incorporated 16321 176th Avenue NE Woodinville, WA 98072 March, 1986 Version 2.2 [Speech Technology Incorporated is a manufacturer of electronic devices to aid the visually impaired, generally employing speech synthesis technology.] (C) Copyright 1985, 1986 by Speech Technology Incorporated. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy this document and related software. If you are dissatisfied with the product for any reason, return the original merchandise (disk and manual) within 90 days to seller for a full refund of any amounts paid. * MSDOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE ____________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION....................................3 INVOCATION......................................4 SOURCE FORMAT...................................7 EXPRESSIONS.....................................9 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES............................12 OBJECT FILE FORMATS.............................18 LISTING FILE FORMAT.............................20 PROM PROGRAMMING................................21 ERROR MESSAGES..................................23 BUGS AND LIMITATIONS............................25 6502 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES..........26 8048 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES..........29 8051 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES..........33 TASM DISTRIBUTION FILES.........................37 PORTING TASM TO OTHER ENVIRONMENTS..............38 TASM INSTRUCTION SET TABLE DEFINITION...........40 SUMMARY.........................................43 APPENDIX A - SAMPLE LISTING FILE................44 APPENDIX B - SAMPLE INSTRUCTION SET TABLE ......46 APPENDIX C - ORDERING INFORMATION...............51 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 3 INTRODUCTION TASM is a set of table driven cross assemblers for the MS-DOS environment. Currently versions for the 6502, 8048, and 8051 microprocessors are supported by STI, but the user so inclined may build versions for other 8 bit microprocessors (see sections on TASM DISTRIBUTION FILES and TASM INSTRUCTION SET TABLE DEFINITION for notes on reconfiguring TASM for other processors). TASM characteristics include: 1. Powerful expression parsing (17 operators). 2. Supports a subset of the 'C' preprocessor commands. 3. Macro capability (through use of DEFINE directive). 4. Multiple statements per line. 5. Supports three object file formats (Intel Hex, MOS Technology Hex, and binary). 6. Absolute code generation only. 7. Source code available (in C). 8. Uniform syntax across versions for different target machines. 9. Features in support of PROM programming (preset all bytes to specified value, output object code in a contiguous block). 10. Supports extended instructions of the Rockwell R65C02. 11. Tables can be generated for other microprocessors without having to modify the TASM executable module. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 4 INVOCATION TASM can be invoked as follows (optional fields shown in brackets, symbolic fields enclosed in <>): tasm -<pn> [-bcfhlmpxdo] source_file [object_file [list_file]] Where the option flags are defined as follows: -<pn> Specify version (<pn> = part number) -c object file written as a contiguous block -f<xx> Fill entire memory space with <xx> (hex) -h Produce hex table of the assembled code -l Produce a label table in the listing -m Produce object in MOS Technology format -b Produce object in binary (.COM) format -p Page the listing file -q Quite, disable the listing file -x[<m>] Enable extended instruction set (if any) -d<macro> Define a macro (or just a macro label) -o<bb> Bytes per object record (hex) TASM has no built in instruction set tables, and so it must read them at run time. TASM determines which table to use based on the '-<pn>' field shown above. For example, to assemble the code in a file called 'source.asm' one would enter: tasm -48 source.asm for an 8048 assembly tasm -65 source.asm for a 6502 assembly tasm -51 source.asm for a 8051 assembly. The file name that the tables are read from is formed by taking the digits specified after the '-' and appending it to 'TASM' then appending the '.TAB' extension. Thus, the '-48' flag would cause the tables to be read from the file 'TASM48.TAB' (See section on TASM INSTRUCTION SET DEFINITION). The source file must be specified. If not, some usage information is displayed. If the object file is not specified then the object filename is formed by taking the source filename and changing the extension to '.OBJ'. Similarly, if the list filename is not specified it is formed by changing the source filename extension to '.LST'. Each option flag must be preceded by a dash. Options need not precede the filenames, however. The various options are described below: c - Contiguous Block Output. If this option is specified, then all bytes in the range from the lowest used byte to the highest will be defined in the object file. Normally, with the default Intel Hex object format enabled, if the Program Counter (PC) jumps forward because of an .ORG directive, the bytes skipped over will not have any value assigned them in the object file. With this option enabled, no output to the object file occurs until the end of the assembly at which time the whole block is written. This is useful TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 5 when using TASM to generate code that will be put into a PROM so that all locations will have a known value. This option is often used in conjunction with the -f option to ensure all unused bytes will have a known value. f - Fill Memory. This option causes the memory image that TASM maintains to be initialized to the value specified by the two hex characters immediately following the 'f'. TASM maintains a memory image that is a full 64K bytes in size (even if the target processor cannot utilize that memory space). Invocation of this option introduces a 2 second delay at start up (time required to initialize all 64K bytes). See Appendix A for an example. h - Hex Table. This option causes a hex table of the produced object code to appear in the listing file. Each line of the table shows sixteen bytes of code. The format is shown in the sample listing in Appendix A. l - Label Table. This option causes a label table to appear in the listing file. Each label is shown with its corresponding value. Macro labels (as established via the DEFINE directives) do not appear. The format is shown in the sample listing in Appendix A. m - MOS Technology Object Format. This option causes the object file to be written in MOS Technology hex format rather than the default Intel hex format. See section on OBJECT FILE FORMATS for a description of the format. b - Binary Object Format. This option causes the object file to be written in binary - one byte for each byte of code/data. Note that no address information is included in the object file in this format. The contiguous block (-c) output mode is forced when this option is invoked. p - Page Listing File. This option causes the listing file to have top of page headers and form feeds inserted at appropriate intervals (every sixty lines of output). q - Disable Listing File. This option causes all output to the listing file to be suppressed, unless a .LIST directive is encountered in the source file (see LIST/NOLIST directives). x - Enable Extended Instruction Set. If a processor family has instructions that are valid for only certain members, this option can be used to enable those beyond the basic standard instruction set. Presently, this option only has significance for the 6502 version (TASM -65) which has extended instructions for the Rockwell R65C02 and the R65C00/21. A hex digit may follow the 'x' to indicate a mask value used in selecting the appropriate instruction set. Bit 0 of the mask selects the basic instruction set, thus a '-x1' would have no effect. A '-x3' would enable the basic set plus whatever instructions have bit 1 set in their class mask. A '-x' without a digit following is equivalent to a '-xf' which sets all four of the mask bits. (See section on 6502 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES for details on its extended instructions). TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 6 d - Define a Macro. Macros are be defined on the command line generally to control the assembly of various IFDEF's that are in the source file. This is a convenient way to generate various versions of object code from a single source file. o - Set Number of Bytes per Object Record. When generating object code in either the MOS Technology format or the Intel hex format, a default of 24 (decimal) bytes of object are defined on each record. This can be altered by invoking the '-o' option immediately followed by two hex digits defining the number of bytes per record desired. For example, if 32 bytes per record are desired, one might invoke TASM as: TASM -48 -o20 source.asm TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 7 SOURCE FORMAT Statements in the source file must conform to a format as follows (except for assembler directive statements which are described in a subsequent section): <label> <operation> <operand> <comment> All of the fields are optional, under appropriate circumstances. An arbitrary amount of white space (space and tabs) can separate each field (as long as the maximum line length of 255 characters is not exceeded). Each of fields are described below: Label Field. If the first character of the line is alphabetic, it is assumed to be the start of a label. Subsequent characters are accepted as part of that label until a space, tab, or ':' is encountered. The assembler assigns a value to the label corresponding to the current location counter. Labels can be a maximum of 13 characters long. Labels can contain upper and lower case letters, digits, underscores, and periods (the first character must be alphabetic). Labels are case sensitive - the label 'START' is a different label from 'start'. Operation Field. The operation field contains an instruction (opcode) mnemonic which specifies the action to be carried out by the target processor when this instruction is executed. The interpretation of each mnemonic is dependent on the version of TASM being used (see section on OPCODES AND ADDRESSING MODES). The operation field may begin in any column except the first. The operation field is case insensitive. Operand Field. The operand field specifies the data to be operated on by the instruction. It may include expressions and/or special symbols describing the addressing mode to be used. The actual format and interpretation is dependent on the target processor. For a description of the format for currently supported processors, see the section on OPCODES AND ADDRESSING MODES for the processor of interest. Comment Field. The comment field always begins with a semicolon. The rest of the line from the semicolon to the end of the line is ignored by TASM, but passed on to the listing file for annotation purposes. The comment field must be the last field on a line, but it may be the only field, starting in column one, if desired. Multiple Statement Lines. If the backslash character is encountered on a source line, it is treated as a newline. The remainder of the line following the backslash will be processed as an independent line of source code. This allows one to put multiple statements on a line. This facility is not so useful of itself, but when coupled with the capability of the DEFINE directive, powerful multiple statement macros can be constructed (see section on ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES). Note that when using the statement separator, the character immediately following it should be considered the first character of a new line, and thus must either be a start of a label TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 8 or white space (not an instruction). As the examples show, a space is put between the backslash and the start of the next instruction. Some examples of valid source statements follow (6502 mnemonics shown): label1 lda byte1 ;get the first byte dec byte1 jne label1 ; label2 sta byte2,X ; a multiple statement line follows lda byte1\ sta byte1+4\ lda byte2\ sta byte2+4 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 9 EXPRESSIONS Expressions are made up of various syntactic elements (tokens) combined according to a set of syntactical rules. The tokens are summarized as follows: 1. Labels 2. Constants 3. Location Counter Symbol 4. Operators 5. Parenthesis Labels. Labels are strings of characters that have a numeric value associated with them, generally representing an address. Labels can contain upper and lower case letters, digits, underscores, and periods. The first character must be a letter (to distinguish it from a numeric constant). The value of a label is limited to 16 bit precision. Labels can contain up to 13 characters, all of which are significant (none are ignored when looking at a labels value, as in some assemblers). Constants. Numeric constants must always begin with a decimal digit (thus hexadecimal constants that start with a letter must be prefixed by a '0'). The radix is determined by a letter immediately following the digit string according to the following table: Radix Suffix Prefix --------------------------------------------------- 2 B or b % 8 O or o @ 10 D or d (or nothing) 16 H or h $ Decimal is the default radix, so decimal constants need no suffix or prefix. The following representations are equivalent: 1234H or $1234 100d or 100 177400O or @177400 01011000b or %01011000 The prefixes are provided for compatibility with some other source code formats but introduce a problem of ambiguity. Both '%' and '$' have alternate uses ('%' for modulo, '$' for location counter symbol). To resolve this, some simple rules are employed. If the first character following a '%' is a '0' or '1', it is assumed to be a radix specifier and not the modulo operator. Similarly, if the first character following a '$' is a valid hexadecimal digit, it is assumed to be a radix specifier and not the location counter. This can cause problems, however. Suppose you wanted to find the value of the low byte of the label 'PNTR_TABLE', you might do this: (PNTR_TABLE%0100h) TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 10 Here the '%' would mistakenly be taken for a radix specifier. To correct the problem one need only insert a space in an appropriate spot: (PNTR_TABLE % 0100h) Character constants are single characters surrounded by single quotes (following quote is optional). The ASCII value of the character in the quotes is returned. No escape provision exists to represent non-printable characters within the quotes, but this is not necessary since these can be just as easily represented as numeric constants. String constants are one or more characters surrounded by double quotes. Note that string constants are not allowed in expressions. They are only allowable following the 'TITLE' and 'TEXT' assembler directives. Location Counter Symbol. The current value of the location counter (PC) can be used in expressions by placing a '$' in the desired place. The Location Counter Symbol is allowable anywhere a numeric constant is. (Note that if the '$' is followed by a decimal digit then it is taken to be the hexadecimal radix indicator instead of the Location Counter symbol, as mentioned above). The '*' may also be used to represent the location counter, but is less preferred because of its ambiguity with the multiplicative operator. Operators. Expressions can optionally contain operators to perform some alterations or calculations on particular values. The operators are summarized as follows: Operator Type Description __________________________________________ + Additive addition - subtraction * Multiplicative multiplication / division % modulo << logical shift left >> logical shift right ~ Unary bit inversion (one's complement) - unary negation = Relational equal == equal != not equal < less than > greater than <= less than or equal >= greater than or equal & Binary binary 'and' | binary 'or' ^ binary 'exclusive or' TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 11 The syntax is much the same as in 'C' with the following notes: 1. No operator precedence is in effect. Evaluation is from left to right unless grouped by parenthesis ( see example below). 2. All evaluations are done with 16 bit precision. 3. Both '=' and '==' are allowable equality checkers. This is allowed since the syntax does not provide assignment capability (as '=' would normally be used for). The relational operators return a value of 1 if the relation is true and 0 if it is false. Sixteen bit signed arithmetic is used. It is always a good idea to explicitly indicate the desired order of evaluation with parenthesis, especially to maintain portability since TASM does not evaluate expressions in the same manner as many other assemblers. To understand how it does arrive at the values for expressions, consider the following example: 1 + 2*3 + 4 TASM would start at the left and read the first token '1' and then the operator '+'. To determine what to add to the '1', the expression evaluator would be called recursively on the remainder of the expression. The next pass would read the '2' and '*' and then call itself again to evaluate the rest. Another level of recursion would take place in evaluating the '4'. Since it is not followed by any more operators, the recursion would start undoing itself and the final expression would be evaluated as: 1 + (2 * (3 + (4))) = 15 If the user had desired the '*' to take precedence, the following could have been done: 1 + (2*3) + 4 Use parenthesis liberally. Here are some examples of valid expressions: (0f800H + tab) (label_2 >> 8) (label_3 << 8) & $f000 $ + 4 010010000100100b + 'a' (base + ((label_4 >> 5) & (mask << 2)) TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 12 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES Most of the assembler directives have a format similar to the machine instruction format. However, instead of specifying operations for the processor to carry out, the directives cause the assembler to perform some function related to the assembly process. TASM has two types of assembler directives - those that mimic the 'C' preprocessor functions, and those that resemble the more traditional assembler directive functions. Each of these will be discussed. The 'C' preprocessor style directives are are invoked with a '#' as the first character of the line followed by the appropriate directive (just as in 'C'). Thus, these directives cannot have a label preceding them (on the same line). Note that in the examples directives are shown in upper case, however, either upper or lower case is acceptable. INCLUDE. The INCLUDE directive reads in and assembles the indicated source file. INCLUDEs can be nested up to six levels. This allows a convenient means to keep common definitions, declarations, or subroutines in files to be included as needed. The format is as follows: #INCLUDE <filename> The <filename> must be enclosed in double quotes. Here are some examples: #INCLUDE "macros.h" #include "equates" #include "subs.asm" DEFINE. The DEFINE directive is one of the most powerful of the directives and allows string substitution with optional arguments (macros). The format is as follows: #DEFINE <macro_label>[(<arg_list>)] [<macro_definition>] <macro_label> := character string to be expanded when found in the source file. <arg_list> := optional argument list for variable substitution in macro expansion. <macro_def> := character string to replace the occurrences of <macro_label> in the source file. The simplest form of the DEFINE directive might look like this: #DEFINE MLABEL Notice that no substitutionary string is specified. The purpose of TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 13 a statement like this would typically be to define a label for the purpose of controlling some subsequent conditional assembly (IFDEF or IFNDEF). A more complicated example, performing simple substitution, might look like this: #DEFINE VAR1_LO (VAR1 & 255) This statement would cause all occurrences of the string 'VAR1_LO' in the source to be substituted with '(VAR1 & 255)'. As a more complicated example, using the argument expansion capability, consider this: #DEFINE ADD(xx,yy) clc\ lda xx\ adc yy\ sta xx If the source file then contained a line like this: ADD(VARX,VARY) It would be expanded to: clc\ lda VARX\ adc VARY\ sta VARX The above example shows the use of the backslash ('\') character as a multiple instruction statement delimiter. This approach allows the definition of fairly powerful, multiple statement macros. The example shown generates 6502 instructions to add one memory location to another. Some rules associated with the argument list: 1. Use a maximum of 10 arguments. 2. An argument in the DEFINE statement must be a unique string (unique on that line) occurring only as an argument elsewhere in the line. TASM does a straight forward search for the occurrence of the specified argument strings in the macro_definition field and if the string is found somewhere not intended, bad things will happen. In the above example, if a simple '(a,b)' had been used as the argument list instead '(xx,yy)', then each 'a' in the definition would be expanded (e.g. the 'a' in 'lda'). 3. Each argument should be a maximum of 15 characters. Note that macros can be defined on the TASM command line, also, with the '-d' option flag. IFDEF. This directive can be used to optionally assemble a block of code. It has the following form: #IFDEF <macro_label> TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 14 When invoked, the list of macro labels (established via DEFINE directives) is searched. If the label is found, the following lines of code are assembled. If not found, the input file is skipped until an ENDIF or ELSE directive is found. Lines that are skipped over still appear in the listing file, but a '~' will appear immediately after the current PC and no object code will be generated (this is applicable to IFDEF, IFNDEF, and IF). IFNDEF. This directive is the opposite of the IFDEF directive. The block of code following is assembled only if the specified macro_label is undefined. It has the following form: #IFNDEF <macro_label> When invoked, the list of macro labels (established via DEFINE directives) is searched. If the label is not found, the following lines of code are assembled. If it is found, the input file is skipped until an ENDIF or ELSE directive is found. IF. This directive can be used to optionally assemble a block of code dependent on the value of a given expression. The format is as follows: #IF <expr> If the expression <expr> evaluates to non-zero, the following block of code is assembled (until an ENDIF or ELSE is encountered). ENDIF. This directive must always follow an IFDEF, IFNDEF, or IF directive and signifies the end of the conditional block. ELSE. This directive can optionally be used with IFDEF, IFNDEF and IF to delineate an alternate block of code to be assembled if the block immediately following the IFDEF, IFNDEF or IF is not assembled. Here are some examples of the use of IFDEF, IFNDEF, IF, ELSE, and ENDIF: #IFDEF label1 lda byte1 sta byte2 #ENDIF #ifdef label1 lda byte1 #else lda byte2 #endif #ifndef label1 lda byte2 #else lda byte1 #endif TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 15 #if ($ >= 1000h) ; generate an invalid statement to cause an error ; when we go over the 4K boundary. !!! PROM bounds exceeded. #endif ORG. This directive provides the means to set the Instruction Pointer (a.k.a. Program Counter) to the desired value. The format is: [<label>] .ORG <expr> The <label> is optional. The Instruction pointer is assigned the value of the expression, <expr>. For example, to generate code starting at address 1000H, the following could be done: start .ORG 1000H The expression (<expr>) may contain references to the current Instruction Pointer, thus allowing various manipulations to be done. For example, to align the Instruction Pointer on the next 256 byte boundary, the following could be done: .ORG (($ + FFH) & FF00H) ORG can also be used to reserve space without assigning values: .ORG $+8 An alternate form of ORG is '*=' or '$='. Thus the following two examples as exactly equivalent to the previous example: *=*+8 $=$+8 EQU. This directive can be used to assign values to labels. The labels can then be used in expressions in place of the literal constant. The format is: <label> .EQU <expr> Here is an example: MASK .EQU F0H ; lda IN_BYTE and MASK sta OUT_BYTE An alternate form of 'EQU' is '='. The previous example is equivalent to: MASK = F0H or MASK =FOH MASK =$FO TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 16 White space must exist after the label, but none is required after the '='. BYTE. This directive allows a value assignment to the byte pointed to by the current Instruction Pointer. The format is: [<label>] .BYTE <expr> Only the lower eight bits of <expr> are used. Only one byte at a time may be assigned. Here are some examples: label1 .BYTE 10010110B .byte 'a' .byte 0 WORD. This directive allows a value assignment to the next two bytes pointed to by the current Instruction Pointer. The format is: [<label>] .WORD <expr> The least significant byte of <expr> is put at the current Instruction Pointer with the most significant byte at the next sequential location. Here are some examples: data_table .WORD (data_table + 1) .word $1234 .Word (('x' - 'a') << 2) TEXT. This directive allows an ASCII string to be used to assign values to a sequence of locations starting at the current Instruction Pointer. The format is: [<label>] .TEXT "<string>" The ASCII value of each character in <string> is taken and assigned to the next sequential location. Here are some examples: message1 .TEXT "Disk I/O error" message2 .text "Enter file name " .text "abcdefg" TASM only shows the first four bytes of the string in the listing file, but all bytes are included in the object file. BLOCK. This directive causes the Instruction Pointer to advance the specified number of bytes without assigning values to the skipped over locations. The format is: [<label>] .BLOCK <expr> Some valid examples are: word1 .BLOCK 2 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 17 byte1 .block 1 buffer .block 80 TITLE. This directive allows the user to define a title string that appears at the top of each page of the list file (assuming the PAGE mode is on). The format is: .TITLE "<string>" The string should not exceed 80 characters. Here are some examples: .TITLE "Controller version 1.1" .title "This is the title of the assembly" .title "" LIST/NOLIST. These directives can be used to alternately turn the output to the list file on (LIST) or off (NOLIST). The format is: .LIST .NOLIST PAGE/NOPAGE. These directives can be used to alternately turn the paging mode on (PAGE) or off (NOPAGE). If paging is in effect, then every sixty lines of output will be followed by a Top of Form character and a two line header containing page number, filename, and the title. The format is: .PAGE .NOPAGE EJECT. This directive can be used to force a Top of Form and the generation of a page header on the list file. It has no effect if the paging mode is off (see PAGE/NOPAGE). The format is: .EJECT ADDINSTR. This directive can be used to define additional instructions for TASM to use in this assembly. The format is: [<label>] .ADDINSTR <inst> <args> <opcode> <nbytes> <modop> <class> The fields are separated by white space just as they would appear in an instruction definition file as described in TASM INSTRUCTION SET TABLE DEFINITION. END. This directive should follow all code/data generating statements in the source file. It forces the last record to be written to the object file. The format is: [<label>] .END TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 18 OBJECT FILE FORMATS TASM supports three object file formats: 1. Intel Hex (default). 2. MOS Technology Hex. 3. Binary Each are described below: Intel Hex Object Format. This is the default format. This format is line oriented and uses only printable ASCII characters except for the carriage return/line feed at the end of each line. Each line in the file assumes the following format: :NNAAAARRHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCCTT Where: All fields marked 'hex' consist of two or four ASCII hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). A maximum of 24 data bytes will be represented on each line. : = Record Start Character NN = Byte Count (hex) AAAA = Address of first byte (hex) RR = Record Type (hex, 00 except for last record which is 01) HH = Data Bytes (hex) CC = Check Sum (hex) TT = Line Terminator (carriage return, line feed) The last line of the file will be a record conforming to the above format with a byte count of zero (':00000001FF'). The checksum is defined as: sum = byte_count + address_hi + address_lo + record_type + (sum of all data bytes) checksum = ((-sum) & ffh) TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 19 MOS Technology Hex Object Format. This format is line oriented and uses only printable ASCII characters except for the carriage return/line feed at the end of each line. Each line in the file assumes the following format: ;NNAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCCCCTT Where: All fields marked 'hex' consist of two or four ASCII hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). A maximum of 24 data bytes will be represented on each line. ; = Record Start Character NN = Byte Count (hex) AAAA = Address of first byte (hex) HH = Data Bytes (hex) CCCC = Check Sum (hex) TT = Line Terminator (carriage return, line feed) The last line of the file will be a record with a byte count of zero (';00'). The checksum is defined as: sum = byte_count + address_hi + address_lo + record_type + (sum of all data bytes) checksum = (sum & ffffh) Binary Object Format. This file format has only a binary representation of each data byte with no address, checksum or format description, whatsoever. It is often a convenient format to use to pass the data to other programs on your PC (like a PROM programmer package) but because of the nonprintability and lack of address information, it is not often used to transmit the code to other systems. Note that when this object format is selected (-b option), the -c option is forced. This is done so that no ambiguity arises as a result of the lack of address information in the file. Without the -c option, discontinuous blocks of object code would appear contiguous. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 20 LISTING FILE FORMAT Each line of source code generates one (or more) lines of output in the listing file. The fields of the output line are as follows: 1. Current source file line number (4 decimal digits). 2. An optional '+' appears if this is an 'INCLUDE' file. (One '+' for each level of INCLUDE invoked). 3. Current Instruction Pointer (4 hex digits). An optional '~' follows the Instruction Pointer if the line of source code is not being assembled because of an IFDEF, IFNDEF, or IF directive. 4. Resulting code/data generated from this source line (two hex digits per byte, each byte separated by a space, up to four bytes per line). 5. The source line exactly as it appears in the source file. If paging is enabled (by either the '-p' option flag or the .PAGE directive) some additional fields will be inserted into the listing file every 60 lines. These fields are: 1. Top of Form (form feed). 2. Assembler identifier (e.g. "TASM 6502 Assembler"). 3. Initial source file name. 4. Page number. 5. Title. For an example of the listing file format, see appendix A. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 21 PROM PROGRAMMING A wide variety of PROM programming equipment is available that can use object code in one or more of the formats TASM supports. We will not try to list all such compatible systems here, but will mention one configuration that has worked well for us. We have used the Apparat "IBM PROM Blaster, 24 Pin" (available from Apparat Inc., 4401 Tamarac Parkway, Denver, Colorado 80237, $129) for programming 24 pin EPROMs with much success. The software supplied with this product will accept a TASM object file in the binary format (-b option flag on TASM command line). The combination of TASM and the PROM Blaster make for a truly inexpensive solution to the problem of generating PROMed code for target microprocessor systems. (STI is not affiliated or associated with Apparat in any way). Some additional notes about generating code to be put in PROMs: 1. It is often desirable to have all bytes in the PROM programmed even if not explicitly assigned a value in the source code (e.g. the bytes are skipped over with a .ORG statement). This can be accomplished by using the -c (contiguous block) and the -f (fill) command line option flags. The -c will ensure that every byte from the lowest byte assigned a value to the the highest byte assigned a value will be in the object file with no gaps. The -f flag will assign the specified value to all bytes before the assembly begins so that when the object file is written, all bytes not assigned a value in the source code will have a known value. As an example, the following command line will generate object code in the default Intel Hex format with all bytes not assigned a value in the source set to EA (hex, 6502 NOP): tasm -65 -c -fEA test.asm 2. To ensure that TASM generates object code to cover the full address range of the target PROM, put a .ORG statement at the end of the source file set to the last address desired. For example, to generate code to be put in a 2716 EPROM (2 Kbytes) from hex address $1000 to $17ff, do something like this in the source file: ;start of the file .ORG $1000 ;rest of the source code follows <source code> ;end of the source code .ORG $17ff TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 22 .BYTE 0 .END Now, to invoke TASM to generate the code in the binary format with all unassigned bytes set to 00 (6502 BRK), do the following: tasm -65 -b -f00 test.asm Note that -b forces the -c option. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 23 ERROR MESSAGES Error Message Description -------------------------------------------------------- unrecognized directive..................A statement starting with a '.' or '#' has a mnemonic that is not defined as a directive. unrecognized instruction...............A statement has an opcode mnemonic that is not defined. unrecognized argument...................A statement has an operand format that is not defined. label value misaligned..................The value of a label appears to have a different value on the second pass then it was computed to have on the first pass. This is generally due to Zero Page Addressing mode problems with the 6502 version of TASM. Labels that are used in operands for statements that could utilized Zero Page addressing mode should always be defined before used as an operand. label table overflow....................To many labels have been encountered. No END directive before EOF.............The source file did not have an END directive in it. This is not fatal, but may cause the last object file record to be lost. No files specified....................TASM was invoked with no source file specified. Unknown option flag...................TASM was invoked with an undefined option flag on the command line. Source file open error..................TASM was not able to open the specified source file. List file open error....................TASM was not able to open the specified list file. Object file open error..................TASM was not able to open the specified object file. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 24 Unknown token...........................Unexpected characters were encountered while parsing an expression. maximum number of macros exceeded.......To many macros (DEFINEs) have been encountered. macro buffer overflow...................The buffer from which space is allocated for macro definitions is exhausted. range of relative branch exceeded.......A branch instruction exceeds the maximum range (6502 Version). TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 25 BUGS AND LIMITATIONS Limitations and Specifications ---------------------------------------------------------------- Maximum number of labels 2000 Maximum length of labels 13 characters Maximum address space 64 Kbytes (65536 bytes) Maximum number of nested INCLUDES 6 Maximum length of TITLE string 79 characters Maximum Source line length 255 characters Maximum length of expressions 255 characters Maximum length of pathnames 79 characters Maximum length of command line 127 characters Maximum number of macros 1000 Maximum number of macro arguments 10 Maximum length of macro argument 16 characters Heap size (for labels and macros) 20000 bytes Memory requirements 160K (32K for code, 64K for data and stack, 64K for opcode memory image*). *Note that TASM uses the 64 Kbyte segment immediately following the data/stack segment to store assembled opcodes and data before being written to the object file. Bugs 1. The 8048 version of TASM does not check for use of memory beyond any reasonable bounds (e.g. an 8048 has a maximum address space of 4 Kbytes but TASM will let you pretend that you have 64 Kbytes). 2. Expression evaluation has no operator precedence in effect which can make for unexpected results if not explicitly grouped with parenthesis. 3. First page of listing file will not show a user defined title (defined via TITLE directive). 4. TASM sometimes does not generate error messages for improperly formed expressions. 5. TASM expands macros in comments at the end of a line (but not in lines that are all comment). 6. TASM does not generate an error message when a EQU directive has an undefined label on the right hand side. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 26 6502 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES The acceptable 6502 opcode mnemonics for TASM are as follows: ADC AND ASL BCC BCS BEQ BNE BMI BPL BVC BVS BIT BRK CLC CLD CLI CLV CMP CPX CPY DEC DEX DEY EOR INC INX INY JMP JSR LDA LDX LDY LSR NOP ORA PHA PHP PLA PLP ROL ROR RTI RTS SBC SEC SED SEI STA STX STY TAX TAY TSX TXA TXS TYA TASM also supports the following instructions that are part of the Rockwell R65C02 and R65C00/21 microprocessor instruction sets. Those that are marked as set A are applicable to the R65C02 and those marked as set B are applicable to the R65C00/21 (A+B for both): Mnemonic Description Address Mode Set --------------------------------------------------------------- ADC Add with carry (IND) A AND And memory with A (IND) A BIT Test memory bits with A ABS,X A BIT Test memory bits with A ZP,X A BIT Test memory bits with A IMM A CMP Compare memory with A (IND) A DEC Decrement A A A EOR Exclusive OR memory with A (IND) A INC Increment A A A JMP Jump (ABS,X) A LDA Load A with memory (IND) A ORA OR A with memory (IND) A SBC Subtract memory form A (IND) A STA Store A in memory (IND) A STZ Store zero ABS A STZ Store zero ABS,X A STZ Store zero ZP A STZ Store zero ZP,X A TRB Test and reset memory bit ABS A TRB Test and reset memory bit ZP A TSB Test and set memory bit ABS A TSB Test and set memory bit ZP A BRA Branch Always REL A+B BBR0 Branch on Bit 0 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR1 Branch on Bit 1 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR2 Branch on Bit 2 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR3 Branch on Bit 3 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR4 Branch on Bit 4 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR5 Branch on Bit 5 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR6 Branch on Bit 6 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBR7 Branch on Bit 7 Reset ZP,REL A+B BBS0 Branch on Bit 0 Set ZP,REL A+B BBS1 Branch on Bit 1 Set ZP,REL A+B BBS2 Branch on Bit 2 Set ZP,REL A+B BBS3 Branch on Bit 3 Set ZP,REL A+B TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 27 BBS4 Branch on Bit 4 Set ZP,REL A+B BBS5 Branch on Bit 5 Set ZP,REL A+B BBS6 Branch on Bit 6 Set ZP,REL A+B BBS7 Branch on Bit 7 Set ZP,REL A+B MUL Multiply Implied B PHX Push Index X Implied A+B PHY Push Index Y Implied A+B PLX Pull Index X Implied A+B PLY Pull Index Y Implied A+B RMB0 Reset Memory Bit 0 ZP A+B RMB1 Reset Memory Bit 1 ZP A+B RMB2 Reset Memory Bit 2 ZP A+B RMB3 Reset Memory Bit 3 ZP A+B RMB4 Reset Memory Bit 4 ZP A+B RMB5 Reset Memory Bit 5 ZP A+B RMB6 Reset Memory Bit 6 ZP A+B RMB7 Reset Memory Bit 7 ZP A+B SMB0 Set Memory Bit 0 ZP A+B SMB1 Set Memory Bit 1 ZP A+B SMB2 Set Memory Bit 2 ZP A+B SMB3 Set Memory Bit 3 ZP A+B SMB4 Set Memory Bit 4 ZP A+B SMB5 Set Memory Bit 5 ZP A+B SMB6 Set Memory Bit 6 ZP A+B SMB7 Set Memory Bit 7 ZP A+B Note that correct assembly of these extended instructions has not been tested on a target system. Addressing modes are denoted as follows: ABS Absolute ZP Zero Page ABS,X Absolute X ZP,X Zero Page X ABS,Y Absolute Y ZP,Y Zero Page Y A Accumulator (IND,X) Indirect X (IND),Y Indirect Y (IND) Indirect #IMM Immediate REL Relative (Branch instructions only) ZP,REL Zero Page, Relative Implied Implied Note that Zero Page addressing can not be explicitly requested. It is used if the value of the operand is representable in a single byte for the applicable statements. The '-x' command line option can be used to enable the extended instructions. A '-x' with no digit following will enable the standard set plus both extended sets. The 6502 version of TASM uses TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 28 three bits in the instruction class mask to determine whether a given instruction is enabled or not. Bit 0 enables the basic set, bit 1 enables set A (R65C02) and bit 2 enables set B (R65C00/21). The following table shows various options: Class Mask Enabled Instructions BASIC R65C02 R65C00/21 -------------------------------------------- 1 yes no no 2 no yes no 3 yes yes no 4 no no yes 5 yes no yes 6 no yes yes 7 yes yes yes Thus, to enable the basic set plus the R65C02 instructions, invoke the '-x3' command line option. See manufacturer's data for a more complete description of the meaning of the mnemonics and addressing modes. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 29 8048 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES The following list shows the acceptable opcode mnemonics and their corresponding operand formats for the 8048 version of TASM. Where 'Rn' is seen, R0 through R7 may be substituted. Other symbolic fields are as follows: SYMBOLIC DESCRIPTION ----------------------------------------------- <addr8> Absolute address (8 bits) <addr11> Absolute address (11 bits) <immed> Immediate data Any valid TASM expression can appear in the place of any of the above symbolics. The lines that are marked with an (8041), (8022), or (8021) on the far right are extended instructions that are available only if a -x option has been invoked on the command line. The classes of instructions (and their bit assignment in the class mask) are shown below: BIT PROCESSOR ------------------------------- 0 8X48, 8035, 8039, 8049 1 8X41A 2 8022 3 8021 Thus, to enable the basic 8048 set plus the 8022 set, a -x5 could be used on the command line. Note that some of the base instructions should be disabled for the 8041, 8022, and 8021, but are not. OPCODE OPERANDS DESCRIPTION ------------------------------------------------------------------- ADD A,Rn Add Register to Acc ADD A,@R0 Add Indirect RAM to Acc ADD A,@R1 Add Indirect RAM to Acc ADD A,#<immed> Add Immediate data to Acc ADDC A,Rn Add Register to Acc with carry ADDC A,@R0 Add Indirect RAM to Acc with carry ADDC A,@R1 Add Indirect RAM to Acc with carry ADDC A,#<immed> Add Immediate data to Acc with carry ANL A,Rn AND Register to Acc ANL A,@R0 AND Indirect RAM to Acc ANL A,@R1 AND Indirect RAM to Acc ANL A,#<immed> AND Immediate data to Acc ANL BUS,#<immed> AND Immediate data to BUS ANL P1,#<immed> AND Immediate data to port P1 ANL P2,#<immed> AND Immediate data to port P2 ANLD P4,A AND Acc to Expander port P4 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 30 ANLD P5,A AND Acc to Expander port P5 ANLD P6,A AND Acc to Expander port P6 ANLD P7,A AND Acc to Expander port P7 CALL <addr11> Call subroutine CLR A Clear Acc CLR C Clear Carry CLR F0 Clear Flag 0 CLR F1 Clear Flag 1 CPL A Complement Acc CPL C Complement Carry CPL F0 Complement Flag F0 CPL F1 Complement Flag F1 DA A Decimal adjust Acc DEC A Decrement Acc DEC Rn Decrement Register DIS I Disable Interrupts DIS TCNTI Disable Timer/Counter Interrupt DJNZ Rn,<addr8> Decrement Register and Jump if nonzero EN DMA Enable DMA (8041) EN FLAGS Enable Flags (8041) EN I Enable External Interrupt EN TCNTI Enable Timer/Counter Interrupt ENT0 CLK Enable Clock Output IN A,DBB Input Data Bus to Acc (8041) IN A,P0 Input Port 0 to Acc (8021) IN A,P1 Input Port 1 to Acc IN A,P2 Input Port 2 to Acc INC A Increment Acc INC Rn Increment Register INC @R0 Increment Indirect RAM INC @R1 Increment Indirect RAM INS A,BUS Strobed Input of Bus to Acc JB0 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 0 is set JB1 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 1 is set JB2 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 2 is set JB3 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 3 is set JB4 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 4 is set JB5 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 5 is set JB6 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 6 is set JB7 <addr8> Jump if Acc bit 7 is set JMP <addr11> Jump JC <addr8> Jump if Carry is set JF0 <addr8> Jump if Flag F0 is set JF1 <addr8> Jump if Flag F1 is set JNC <addr8> Jump if Carry is clear TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 31 JNI <addr8> Jump if Interrupt input is clear JNIBF <addr8> Jump if IBF is clear (8041) JNT0 <addr8> Jump if T0 is clear JNT1 <addr8> Jump if T1 is clear JNZ <addr8> Jump if Acc is not zero JOBF <addr8> Jump if OBF is set (8041) JTF <addr8> Jump if Timer Flag is set JT0 <addr8> Jump if T0 pin is high JT1 <addr8> Jump if T1 pin is high JZ <addr8> Jump if Acc is zero JMPP @A Jump Indirect (current page) MOV A,PSW Move PSW to Acc MOV A,Rn Move Register to Acc MOV A,T Move Timer/Counter to Acc MOV A,@R0 Move Indirect RAM to Acc MOV A,@R1 Move Indirect RAM to Acc MOV A,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Acc MOV PSW,A Move Acc to PSW MOV Rn,A Move Acc to Register MOV Rn,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Register MOV STS,A Move Acc to STS (8041) MOV T,A Move Acc to Timer/Counter MOV @R0,A Move Acc to Indirect RAM MOV @R1,A Move Acc to Indirect RAM MOV @R0,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Indirect RAM MOV @R1,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Indirect RAM MOVD A,P4 Move half-byte Port 4 to Acc (lower nibble) MOVD A,P5 Move half-byte Port 5 to Acc (lower nibble) MOVD A,P6 Move half-byte Port 6 to Acc (lower nibble) MOVD A,P7 Move half-byte Port 7 to Acc (lower nibble) MOVD P4,A Move lower nibble of Acc to Port 4 MOVD P5,A Move lower nibble of Acc to Port 5 MOVD P6,A Move lower nibble of Acc to Port 6 MOVD P7,A Move lower nibble of Acc to Port 7 MOVP A,@A Move Indirect Program data to Acc MOVP3 A,@A Move Indirect Program data to Acc (page 3) MOVX A,@R0 Move Indirect External RAM to Acc MOVX A,@R1 Move Indirect External RAM to Acc MOVX @R0,A Move Acc to Indirect External RAM MOVX @R1,A Move Acc to Indirect External RAM NOP No operation ORL A,Rn OR Register to Acc ORL A,@R0 OR Indirect RAM to Acc ORL A,@R1 OR Indirect RAM to Acc ORL A,#<immed> OR Immediate data to Acc ORL BUS,#<immed> OR Immediate data to BUS ORL P1,#<immed> OR Immediate data to port P1 ORL P2,#<immed> OR Immediate data to port P2 ORLD P4,A OR lower nibble of Acc with P4 ORLD P5,A OR lower nibble of Acc with P5 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 32 ORLD P6,A OR lower nibble of Acc with P6 ORLD P7,A OR lower nibble of Acc with P7 OUTL BUS,A Output Acc to Bus OUT DBB,A Output Acc to DBB (8041) OUTL P0,A Output Acc to Port P0 (8021) OUTL P1,A Output Acc to Port P1 OUTL P2,A Output Acc to Port P2 RAD Move A/D Converter to Acc (8022) RET Return from subroutine RETI Return from Interrupt w/o PSW restore(8022) RETR Return from Interrupt w/ PSW restore RL A Rotate Acc Left RLC A Rotate Acc Left through Carry RR A Rotate Acc Right RRC A Rotate Acc Right through Carry SEL AN0 Select Analog Input 0 (8022) SEL AN1 Select Analog Input 1 (8022) SEL MB0 Select Memory Bank 0 SEL MB1 Select Memory Bank 1 SEL RB0 Select Register Bank 0 SEL RB1 Select Register Bank 1 STOP TCNT Stop Timer/Counter STRT CNT Start Counter STRT T Start Timer SWAP A Swap nibbles of Acc XCH A,Rn Exchange Register with Acc XCH A,@R0 Exchange Indirect RAM with Acc XCH A,@R1 Exchange Indirect RAM with Acc XCHD A,@R0 Exchange lower nibble of Indirect RAM w/ Acc XCHD A,@R1 Exchange lower nibble of Indirect RAM w/ Acc XRL A,Rn Exclusive OR Register to Acc XRL A,@R0 Exclusive OR Indirect RAM to Acc XRL A,@R1 Exclusive OR Indirect RAM to Acc XRL A,#<immed> Exclusive OR Immediate data to Acc See manufacturer's data for a more complete description of the meaning of the mnemonics and addressing modes. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 33 8051 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES The following list shows the acceptable opcode mnemonics and their corresponding operand formats for the 8051 version of TASM. Where 'Rn' is seen, R0 through R7 may be substituted. Other symbolic fields are as follows: SYMBOLIC DESCRIPTION ----------------------------------------------- <addr11> Absolute address (11 bits) <addr16> Absolute address (16 bits) <bit> Bit address <immed> Immediate data <direct> Direct RAM address <rel> Relative address Any valid TASM expression can appear in the place of any of the above symbolics. OPCODE OPERAND DESCRIPTION -------------------------------------------------------------------- ACALL <addr11> Absolute Call ADD A,Rn Add Register to Acc ADD A,@R0 Add Indirect RAM to Acc ADD A,@R1 Add Indirect RAM to Acc ADD A,#<immed> Add Immediate data to Acc ADD A,<direct> Add Direct RAM to Acc ADDC A,Rn Add Register to Acc with carry ADDC A,@R0 Add Indirect RAM to Acc with carry ADDC A,@R1 Add Indirect RAM to Acc with carry ADDC A,#<immed> Add Immediate data to Acc with carry ADDC A,<direct> Add Direct RAM to Acc with carry AJMP <addr11> Absolute Jump ANL A,Rn AND Register and Acc ANL A,@R0 AND Indirect RAM and Acc ANL A,@R1 AND Indirect RAM and Acc ANL A,#<immed> AND Immediate data and Acc ANL A,<direct> AND Direct RAM and Acc ANL C,/<direct> AND Complement of direct bit to Carry ANL C,<direct> AND direct bit to Carry ANL <direct>,A AND Acc to direct RAM ANL <direct>,#<immed> AND Immediate data and direct RAM CJNE A,#<immed>,<rel> Compare Immediate to Acc and JNE CJNE A,<direct>,<rel> Compare direct RAM to Acc and JNE CJNE Rn,#<immed>,<rel> Compare Immediate to Register and JNE CJNE @R0,#<immed>,<rel> Compare Immediate to Indirect RAM and JNE CJNE @R1,#<immed>,<rel> Compare Immediate to Indirect RAM and JNE CLR A Clear Accumulator CLR C Clear Carry CLR <direct> Clear Direct RAM TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 34 CPL A Complement Accumulator CPL C Complement Carry CPL <direct> Complement Direct RAM DA A Decimal Adjust Accumulator DEC A Decrement Acc DEC Rn Decrement Register DEC @R0 Decrement Indirect RAM DEC @R1 Decrement Indirect RAM DEC <direct> Decrement Direct RAM DIV AB Divide Acc by B DJNZ Rn,<rel> Decrement Register and JNZ DJNZ <direct>,<rel> Decrement Direct RAM and JNZ INC A Increment Acc INC Rn Increment Register INC @R0 Increment Indirect RAM INC @R1 Increment Indirect RAM INC DPTR Increment Data Pointer INC <direct> Increment Direct RAM JB <bit>,<rel> Jump if Bit is set JBC <bit>,<rel> Jump if Bit is set & clear Bit JC <rel> Jump if Carry is set JMP @A+DPTR Jump indirect relative to Data Pointer JNB <bit>,<rel> Jump if Bit is clear JNC <rel> Jump if Carry is clear JNZ <rel> Jump if Acc is not zero JZ <rel> Jump if Acc is zero LCALL <addr16> Long Subroutine Call LJMP <addr16> Long Jump MOV A,Rn Move Register to Acc MOV A,@R0 Move Indirect RAM to Acc MOV A,@R1 Move Indirect RAM to Acc MOV A,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Acc MOV A,<direct> Move direct RAM to Acc MOV C,<bit> Move bit to Acc MOV DPTR,#<immed> Move immediate data to Data Pointer MOV Rn,A Move Acc to Register MOV Rn,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Register MOV Rn,<direct> Move Direct RAM to Register MOV @R0,A Move Acc to Indirect RAM MOV @R1,A Move Acc to Indirect RAM MOV @R0,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Indirect RAM MOV @R1,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Indirect RAM MOV @R0,<direct> Move Direct RAM to Indirect RAM MOV @R1,<direct> Move Direct RAM to Indirect RAM MOV <direct>,A Move Acc to Direct RAM MOV <bit>,C Move Carry to Bit MOV <direct>,Rn Move Register to Direct RAM MOV <direct>,@R0 Move Indirect RAM to Direct RAM TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 35 MOV <direct>,@R1 Move Indirect RAM to Direct RAM MOV <direct>,#<immed> Move Immediate data to Direct RAM MOV <direct>,<direct> Move Direct RAM to Direct RAM MOVC A,@A+DPTR Move code byte relative to DPTR to Acc MOVC A,@A+PC Move code byte relative to PC to Acc MOVX A,@R0 Move external RAM to Acc MOVX A,@R1 Move external RAM to Acc MOVX A,@DPTR Move external RAM to Acc (16 bit addr) MOVX @R0,A Move Acc to external RAM MOVX @R1,A Move Acc to external RAM MOVX @DPTR,A Move Acc to external RAM (16 bit addr) MUL AB Multiply Acc by B NOP No operation ORL A,Rn OR Register and Acc ORL A,@R0 OR Indirect RAM and Acc ORL A,@R1 OR Indirect RAM and Acc ORL A,#<immed> OR Immediate data and Acc ORL A,<direct> OR Direct RAM and Acc ORL C,/<direct> OR Complement of direct bit to Carry ORL C,<direct> OR direct bit to Carry ORL <direct>,A OR Acc to direct RAM ORL <direct>,#<immed> OR Immediate data and direct RAM POP <direct> Pop from Stack and put in Direct RAM PUSH <direct> Push from Direct RAM to Stack RET Return from subroutine RETI Return from Interrupt RL A Rotate Acc left RLC A Rotate Acc left through Carry RR A Rotate Acc right RRC A Rotate Acc right through Carry SETB C Set the Carry Bit SETB <bit> Set Direct Bit SJMP <rel> Short jump SUBB A,Rn Subtract Register from Acc with Borrow SUBB A,@R0 Subtract Indirect RAM from Acc w/ Borrow SUBB A,@R1 Subtract Indirect RAM from Acc w/ Borrow SUBB A,#<immed> Subtract Immediate data from Acc w/ Borrow SUBB A,<direct> Subtract Direct RAM from Acc w/ Borrow SWAP A Swap nibbles of Acc XCH A,Rn Exchange Acc with Register XCH A,@R0 Exchange Acc with Indirect RAM XCH A,@R1 Exchange Acc with Indirect RAM XCH A,<direct> Exchange Acc with Direct RAM XCHD A,@R0 Exchange Digit in Acc with Indirect RAM TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 36 XCHD A,@R1 Exchange Digit in Acc with Indirect RAM XRL A,Rn Exclusive OR Register and Acc XRL A,@R0 Exclusive OR Indirect RAM and Acc XRL A,@R1 Exclusive OR Indirect RAM and Acc XRL A,#<immed> Exclusive OR Immediate data and Acc XRL A,<direct> Exclusive OR Direct RAM and Acc XRL <direct>,A Exclusive OR Acc to direct RAM XRL <direct>,#<immed> Exclusive OR Immediate data and direct RAM Note that the above tables do not automatically define the various mnemonics that may be used for addressing the special function registers of the 8051. The user may wish to set up a file of equates (EQU's) that can be included in the source file for this purpose. The following illustrates some of the appropriate equates: P0 .equ 080H ;Port 0 SP .equ 081H ;Stack pointer DPL .equ 082H DPH .equ 083H PCON .equ 087H TCON .equ 088H TMOD .equ 089H TL0 .equ 08AH TL1 .equ 08BH TH0 .equ 08CH TH1 .equ 08DH P1 .equ 090H ;Port 1 SCON .equ 098H SBUF .equ 099H P2 .equ 0A0H ;Port 2 IEC .equ 0A8H P3 .equ 0B0H ;Port 3 IPC .equ 0B8H PSW .equ 0D0H ACC .equ 0E0H ;Accumulator B .equ 0F0H ;Secondary Accumulator ;Now some bit addresses P0.0 .equ 080H ;Port 0 bit 0 P0.1 .equ 081H ;Port 0 bit 1 P0.2 .equ 082H ;Port 0 bit 2 P0.3 .equ 083H ;Port 0 bit 3 P0.4 .equ 080H ;Port 0 bit 4 P0.5 .equ 081H ;Port 0 bit 5 P0.6 .equ 082H ;Port 0 bit 6 P0.7 .equ 083H ;Port 0 bit 7 ACC.0 .equ 0E0H ;Acc bit 0 ACC.1 .equ 0E1H ;Acc bit 1 ACC.2 .equ 0E2H ;Acc bit 2 ACC.3 .equ 0E3H ;Acc bit 3 ACC.4 .equ 0E4H ;Acc bit 4 ACC.5 .equ 0E5H ;Acc bit 5 ACC.6 .equ 0E6H ;Acc bit 6 Acc.7 .equ 0E7H ;Acc bit 7 See the manufacturer's data sheets for more information. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 37 TASM DISTRIBUTION FILES TASM is distributed in two different packages - an executable package and a source package. The files associated with each of these are described below: EXECUTABLE PACKAGE ------------------------------------------------------------ 1. TASM.EXE - TASM Assembler, executable 2. TASM48.TAB - 8048 Instruction definition table 3. TASM51.TAB - 8051 Instruction definition table 4. TASM65.TAB - 6502 Instruction definition table 5. TASM.DOC - TASM Documentation 6. README - Brief Explanation of Disk contents SOURCE PACKAGE ------------------------------------------------------------ 1. TASM.EXE - TASM Assembler, executable 2. TASM48.TAB - 8048 Instruction definition table 3. TASM51.TAB - 8051 Instruction definition table 4. TASM65.TAB - 6502 Instruction definition table 5. TASM.DOC - TASM Documentation 6. README - Brief Explanation of Disk contents 7. TASM.C - TASM mainline source code 8. STRLIB.C - String library 9. IOLIB.C - I/O Library 10. MACRO.C - Assembler directive support library 11. CMAIN.C - Command line parser 12. CT.ASM - MSDOS/C Interface module (startup) 13. FUNC.ASM - Assembly language functions 14. UBYTE.H - Header file defining unsigned types 15. TASM.H - Header file defining TASM constants 16. TASMBLD.BAT - Batch file to build TASM.EXE The 'C' modules can be compiled with the Microsoft 'C' compiler, version 2.03 using the small memory model. It should not be difficult to use other 'C' compilers, however, because no library is needed and typical portability problems have been avoided. The assembler files can be assembled using the Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) or equivalent. The standard link utility that comes with MSDOS (Microsoft LINK) can be used to perform the link. The TASMBLD.BAT file demonstrates steps necessary for compiling, assembling and linking. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 38 PORTING TASM TO OTHER ENVIRONMENTS TASM source code is fairly portable. We, however, have only tested it in two environments, Berkeley UNIX (BSD 4.2) and MSDOS 2.1 (UNIX is a trademark of AT&T, MSDOS is a trademark of Microsoft). Portability is enhanced by: 1. All identifiers are unique to 6 characters. 2. No floating point arithmetic. 3. No Long (32 bit) arithmetic. 4. No bit fields. 5. Self contained code (no library routines are necessary). It should be noted that a number of the modules that are included with TASM are not necessary in some other environments because identical facilities are part of the standard library. TASM does not use any libraries from other vendors (including the Microsoft C library that comes with the compiler that was used to compile TASM) to ensure no copyrights are violated. The modules that would generally not be needed include: 1. iolib.c This includes read(), write(), open(), close(), sprintf(), etc. 2. strlib.c This includes strcpy(), strcmp(), isdigit(), isalnum(), etc. 3. cmain.c Parses command line into argc, argv format. 4. ct.asm Interface between MSDOS and Microsoft C. 5. func.asm Peek and poke functions. For example, the following command can be used to make an executable version of TASM for the BSD 4.2 environment: %cc -DUNIX tasm.c macro.c -o tasm The header files tasm.h and ubyte.h should also be available. Note that the UNIX flag is being defined on the command line. This causes the following things to happen: 1. Unsigned word and byte typedefs are defined appropriately (Microsoft C 2.03 is nonstandard in this respect). 2. Tasm.h includes sys/file.h instead of defining its own file open constants. 3. TASM declares a 64 Kbyte array in which to hold the assembled opcodes and data. In the MSDOS environment a 64 Kbyte segment is used immediately following the stack segment to hold the opcodes and data. This is done so a small data model can be used by the compiler (since many compilers for the MSDOS environment do not have any other option - done for portability to other MSDOS C compilers). TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 39 In the BSD UNIX environment, 64 Kbyte arrays are no problem, and if you are porting the code to a like environment (whether UNIX or not), the UNIX flag may be useful. This eliminates calls to several assembly language routines defined in func.asm (peekb, pokeb, and getsegs). Also, if you are only interested in the 8048 version, which really only needs a 4 Kbyte memory space, the local array approach would suffice and eliminate the need for the assembly language calls. For information on building TASM in the MSDOS environment, see the TASMBLD.BAT file. TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 40 TASM INSTRUCTION SET TABLE DEFINITION The tables that control TASM's interpretation of the source file are read from a file at run time. The table file name is determined by taking the numeric option field specified on the TASM command line and appending it to the string "TASM", then a ".TAB" extension is added. Thus, if the following command line is entered: tasm -51 test.asm then TASM would read the table file named "TASM51.TAB". The following rules apply to the structure of the table file: 1. The first line of the file should contain a string surrounded by double quotes that should identify the version of the assembler table. This string will appear at the top of each page in the list file. It should be limited to 24 characters. 2. Any line whose first character is not alphabetic is considered to be a comment and is discarded. 3. Any line that has an alphabetic character as the first character is assumed to be an instruction definition record and is parsed to build the internal representation of the instruction set tables. Six fields (separated by white space) are expected, as follows: Field Name Description -------------------------------------------- INSTRUCTION Instruction Mnemonic ARGS Argument definition OPCODE Opcode value NBYTES Number of bytes MODOP Modifier operation CLASS Instruction class INSTRUCTION. The INSTRUCTION field should contain the string to be used as the mnemonic for this instruction. Upper case letters should be used (the source statements are converted to upper case before comparison). ARGS. The ARGS field should contain a string describing the format of the operand field. All characters are taken literally except the '*' which denotes the presence of a valid TASM expression. Multiple '*'s can be used, but all but the last one must be followed by a comma. If a single '*' appears in the ARGS field, then the default action TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 41 of TASM will be to determine the value of the expression that matches the field and insert one or two bytes of it into the object file depending on the NBYTES field. If multiple '*'s are used, then special operators (MODOP) must be used to take advantage of them (see the examples below). An ARGS field of a pair of double quotes means that no arguments are expected. OPCODE. The OPCODE field should contain the opcode value (two hex digits) for this instruction and address mode. NBYTES. The NBYTES field should specify the number of bytes this instruction is to occupy (a single decimal digit). MODOP. The MODOP field determines if any special operations need to be performed on the code generated for this instruction. For example, the zero-page addressing mode of the 6502 is a special case of the absolute addressing mode, and is handled by a special MODOP code (see appendix B). The list of operators is as follows: MODOP DESCRIPTION --------------------------------------------------- NOTOUCH Do nothing to instruction or args JMPPAGE Put bits 8-10 of first arg into bits 5-7 of opcode (8048 JMP) ZPAGE If arg < 256 then use zero-page (6502) R1 Make arg relative to PC (single byte) R2 Make arg relative to PC (two byte) CREL Combine LS bytes of first two args making the second one relative to PC SWAP Swap bytes of first arg COMBINE Combine LS bytes of first two args into first arg (arg1 -> LSB, arg2 ->MSB). CSWAP Combine LS bytes of first two args into first arg and swap. Note that the reason for the combining of arguments (COMBINE and CSWAP) is that TASM assumes that all object bytes to be inserted in the object file are derived from a variable representing the value of the first argument (argval). If two arguments are in the ARGS field, then one of the previously mentioned MODOP`s must be used. They have the effect of combining the low bytes of the first two arguments into the variable (argval) from which the object code will be generated. TASM`s argument parsing routine can handle a large number of arguments, but the code that generates the object TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 42 code is less capable. CLASS. The CLASS field is used to specify whether this instruction is part of the standard instruction set or a member of a set of extended instructions. Bit 0 of this field should be set to denote a member of the standard instruction set. Other bits can be used as needed to establish several classes (or sets) of instructions that can be enabled or disabled via the '-x' command line option (see section on 6502 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES). For example the following table shows possible instruction definition records, followed by possible source statements that would match it, followed by the resulting object code that would be generated (in hex): EXAMPLE INSTRUCTION DEFINITION SOURCE OBJECT ------------------------------------------------------------------- XYZ * FF 3 NOTOUCH 1 xyz 1234h FF 34 12 XYZ * FF 2 NOTOUCH 1 xyz 1234h FF 34 ZYX * FE 3 SWAP 1 zyx 1234h FE 12 34 ZYX * FE 3 R2 1 zyx $+4 FE 01 00 ABC *,* FD 3 COMBINE 1 abc 45h,67h FD 45 67 ABC *,* FD 3 CSWAP 1 abc 45h,67h FD 67 45 ADD A,#* FC 2 NOTOUCH 1 add A,#'B' FC 42 RET "" FB 1 NOTOUCH 1 ret FB See appendix B for more examples. The order of the entries for various addressing modes of a given instruction is important. Since the wild card matches anything, it is important to specify the ARGS for the addressing modes that have the most qualifying characters first. For example, if an instruction had two addressing modes, one that accepted any expression, and another that required a pound sign in front of an expression, the pound sign entry should go first otherwise all occurrences of the instruction would match the more general ARGS expression that it encountered first. The following entries illustrate the proper sequencing: ADD #* 12 3 NOTOUCH 1 ADD * 13 3 NOTOUCH 1 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 43 SUMMARY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COMMAND LINE: | DIRECTIVES: tasm -vv [-bcfhlmpxdo] source_file [obj_file [list_file]] | #INCLUDE <filename> Read <filename> as source | #DEFINE <label> [<macro_def>] Define a macro -<vv> Select version (-48, -51, or -65) | #IFDEF <label> Assemble following if <label> DEFINEd -o<nn> Specify number of obj bytes per record (hex) | #IFNDEF <label> Assemble following if <label> not DEFd -c object file written as a contiguous block | #IF <expr> Assemble following if <expr> nonzero -d<mac> define a macro | #ELSE Alternate block to assemble -f<xx> Fill entire memory space with <xx> (hex) | #ENDIF End of conditional block -h Produce hex table of the assembled code | .ORG <expr> Set Instruction Pointer -l Produce a label table in the listing | .BYTE <expr> Define a byte -m Produce object in MOS Technology format | .WORD <expr> Define a word (lsb, msb) -b Produce object in binary (.COM) format | .EQU <expr> Assign a value to label -p Page the listing file | .TEXT <string> Define bytes as ASCII characters -x<m> Enable extended instruction set (m = class mask) | .BLOCK <expr> Block space reserve -q Quite, disable listing file | .TITLE <string> Set a title to appear on listing ------------------------------------------------------------| .EJECT Do Top of Form on listing OPERATORS: | .LIST Turn listing on Operator Type Description | .NOLIST Turn listing off __________________________________________ | .PAGE Turn paging on + Additive addition | .NOPAGE Turn paging off - subtraction | .ADDINSTR <instdef> Add instruction * Multiplicative multiplication | .END End of source code / division | = <expr> Alternate form of EQU % modulo | *= <expr> Alternate form of ORG << logical shift left |------------------------------------------------------ >> logical shift right | CONSTANTS: ~ Unary bit inversion (one's complement) | Numeric constants: <digits><suffix> - unary negation | <digits> = digit string taken from (0-9,a-f,A-F) = Relational equal | <suffix> = radix indicator defined as follows: == equal | != not equal | Suffix Radix < less than | ------------------------ > greater than | b or B 2 (or % prefix) <= less than or equal | o or O 8 (or @ prefix) >= greater than or equal | d or D (or nothing) 10 & Binary binary 'and' | h or H 16 (or $ prefix) | binary 'or' | ^ binary 'exclusive or' | Character constants: '<char>' (printable ASCII Note: 16 bit values used. Relational Ops yield 1 or 0. | character surrounded by single | quotes, e.g. 'a'. | ------------------------------------------------------------| String constants: "<characters>" (printable ASCII NOTES: | characters surrounded by double 1. Statement format:<label> <operation> <operand> <comment>| quotes, e.g. "This is a string". 2. The backslash can be used to separate multiple | Used only for TEXT and TITLE. statements on a line (e.g. lda byte1 \ sta byte2). | 3. '$' or '*' represent the current Instruction Counter. | 4. Comments preceded by semicolon (';'). | 5. TASM is case insensitive for mnemonics, but not labels. | 6. The default object file format is Intel Hex. | 7. For 6502 version -x3 option enables R65C02 instructions | and -x5 enables R65C00/21 instructions. | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 44 APPENDIX A - SAMPLE LISTING FILE The listing was generated by issuing the command: tasm -65 -p -l -h -f00 t.asm TASM 6502 Assembler. t.asm page 1 Speech Technology Incorporated. 0001 0000 ;This is a simple example of an assembly 0002 0000 ;include a file just for fun 0003 0000 #include "include.h" 0001+ 0000 ;this is just a simple include file 0002+ 0000 exit .equ 7e00h 0003+ 0000 ; 0004+ 0000 ; That's all 0004 0000 ; 0005 0000 ; define two byte increment macro 0006 0000 #define INCZ(p) ldx #p\ inc 0,x\ bne $+4\ inc 1,x 0007 0000 ; 0008 0000 start .org $0 0009 0000 mask .equ $5678 0010 0000 0011 0000 0A byte1 .byte 10 0012 0001 D2 04 word1 .word 1234 0013 0003 34 12 word2 .word $1234 0014 0005 ;skip past a few locations to start code 0015 0020 .org $0020 0016 0020 begin 0017 0020 ; let's just increment word1 the number 0018 0020 ; of times indicated by byte1 (use the 0019 0020 ; double byte increment macro INCZ). 0020 0020 loop1 0021 0020 A2 01 ldx #word1\ inc 0,x\ bne $+4\ inc 1,x 0021 0022 F6 00 0021 0024 D0 02 0021 0026 F6 01 0022 0028 C6 00 dec byte1 ;decrement the count 0023 002A D0 F4 bne loop1 ;loop until zero 0024 002C 0025 002C ; Now let's just do some simple arithmetic 0026 002C A5 56 lda (mask >> 8) 0027 002E AD 00 56 lda (mask & 0ff00h) 0028 0031 A5 57 lda ((mask >> 8) & 0ffh) + word1 0029 0033 4C 00 7E jmp exit 0030 0036 .end TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 45 Label Value Label Value Label Value ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ exit 7E00 start 0000 mask 5678 byte1 0000 word1 0001 word2 0003 begin 0020 loop1 0020 ADDR 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F ----------------------------------------------------- 0000 0A D2 04 34 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0020 A2 01 F6 00 D0 02 F6 01 C6 00 D0 F4 A5 56 AD 00 0030 56 A5 57 4C 00 7E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 tasm: Number of errors = 0 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 46 APPENDIX B - SAMPLE INSTRUCTION DEFINITION TABLE (TASM65.TAB) "TASM 6502 Assembler. " /* This is the instruction set definition table /* for the 6502 version of TASM. /* Thomas N. Anderson, Speech Technology Incorporated, Feb 1986. /* First line of this file is a banner that will appear at the /* top of each page of the TASM listing file (not the same as /* the TITLE). Should be limited to 24 characters. /* Any other line that does not start with an upper case letter is /* ignored. /* See TASM manual for info on table structure. /* Note that there are two classes of extended instructions beyond /* the standard set. The classes are assigned bits as follows: /* bit 0 = standard set /* bit 1 = extended instructions for R65C02 /* bit 2 = extended instructions for R65C00/21 /* /*INSTR ARGS OPCODE BYTES MOD CLASS */ /*----------------------------------*/ ADC #* 69 2 NOP 1 ADC (*,X) 61 2 NOP 1 ADC (*),Y 71 2 NOP 1 ADC (*) 72 2 NOP 2 /* R65C02 */ ADC *,X 7D 3 ZP 1 ADC *,Y 79 3 NOP 1 ADC * 6D 3 ZP 1 AND #* 29 2 NOP 1 AND (*,X) 21 2 NOP 1 AND (*),Y 31 2 NOP 1 AND (*) 32 2 NOP 2 /* R65C02 */ AND *,X 3D 3 ZP 1 AND *,Y 39 3 NOP 1 AND * 2D 3 ZP 1 ASL A 0A 1 NOP 1 ASL *,X 1E 3 ZP 1 ASL * 0E 3 ZP 1 BCC * 90 2 R1 1 BCS * B0 2 R1 1 BEQ * F0 2 R1 1 BNE * D0 2 R1 1 BMI * 30 2 R1 1 BPL * 10 2 R1 1 BVC * 50 2 R1 1 BVS * 70 2 R1 1 BIT #* 89 2 NOP 2 BIT *,X 3C 3 ZP 2 BIT * 2C 3 ZP 1 BRK "" 00 1 NOP 1 CLC "" 18 1 NOP 1 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 47 CLD "" D8 1 NOP 1 CLI "" 58 1 NOP 1 CLV "" B8 1 NOP 1 CMP #* C9 2 NOP 1 CMP (*,X) C1 2 NOP 1 CMP (*),Y D1 2 NOP 1 CMP (*) D2 2 NOP 2 CMP *,X DD 3 ZP 1 CMP *,Y D9 3 NOP 1 CMP * CD 3 ZP 1 CPX #* E0 2 NOP 1 CPX * EC 3 ZP 1 CPY #* C0 2 NOP 1 CPY * CC 3 ZP 1 DEC A 3A 3 NOP 2 DEC *,X DE 3 ZP 1 DEC * CE 3 ZP 1 DEX "" CA 1 NOP 1 DEY "" 88 1 NOP 1 EOR #* 49 2 NOP 1 EOR (*,X) 41 2 NOP 1 EOR (*),Y 51 2 NOP 1 EOR (*) 52 2 NOP 2 EOR *,X 5D 3 ZP 1 EOR *,Y 59 3 NOP 1 EOR * 4D 3 ZP 1 INC A 1A 3 NOP 2 INC *,X FE 3 ZP 1 INC * EE 3 ZP 1 INX "" E8 1 NOP 1 INY "" C8 1 NOP 1 JMP (*,X) 7C 3 NOP 2 JMP (*) 6C 3 NOP 1 JMP * 4C 3 NOP 1 JSR * 20 3 NOP 1 LDA #* A9 2 NOP 1 LDA (*,X) A1 2 NOP 1 LDA (*),Y B1 2 NOP 1 LDA (*) B2 2 NOP 2 LDA *,X BD 3 ZP 1 LDA *,Y B9 3 NOP 1 LDA * AD 3 ZP 1 LDX #* A2 2 NOP 1 LDX *,Y BE 3 ZP 1 LDX * AE 3 ZP 1 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 48 LDY #* A0 2 NOP 1 LDY *,X BC 3 ZP 1 LDY * AC 3 ZP 1 LSR A 4A 1 NOP 1 LSR *,X 5E 3 ZP 1 LSR * 4E 3 ZP 1 NOP "" EA 1 NOP 1 ORA #* 09 2 NOP 1 ORA (*,X) 01 2 NOP 1 ORA (*),Y 11 2 NOP 1 ORA (*) 12 2 NOP 2 ORA *,X 1D 3 ZP 1 ORA *,Y 19 3 NOP 1 ORA * 0D 3 ZP 1 PHA "" 48 1 NOP 1 PHP "" 08 1 NOP 1 PLA "" 68 1 NOP 1 PLP "" 28 1 NOP 1 ROL A 2A 1 NOP 1 ROL *,X 3E 3 ZP 1 ROL * 2E 3 ZP 1 ROR A 6A 1 NOP 1 ROR *,X 7E 3 ZP 1 ROR * 6E 3 ZP 1 RTI "" 40 1 NOP 1 RTS "" 60 1 NOP 1 SBC #* E9 2 NOP 1 SBC (*,X) E1 2 NOP 1 SBC (*),Y F1 2 NOP 1 SBC (*) F2 2 NOP 2 SBC *,X FD 3 ZP 1 SBC *,Y F9 3 NOP 1 SBC * ED 3 ZP 1 SEC "" 38 1 NOP 1 SED "" F8 1 NOP 1 SEI "" 78 1 NOP 1 STA (*,X) 81 2 NOP 1 STA (*),Y 91 2 NOP 1 STA (*) 92 2 NOP 2 STA *,X 9D 3 ZP 1 STA *,Y 99 3 NOP 1 STA * 8D 3 ZP 1 STX *,Y 96 2 ZP 1 STX * 8E 3 ZP 1 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 49 STY *,X 94 2 NOP 1 STY * 8C 3 ZP 1 TAX "" AA 1 NOP 1 TAY "" A8 1 NOP 1 TSX "" BA 1 NOP 1 TXA "" 8A 1 NOP 1 TXS "" 9A 1 NOP 1 TYA "" 98 1 NOP 1 /* Here are the extended instructions that are totally new */ BRA * 80 2 R1 6 BBR0 *,* 0f 3 CR 6 BBR1 *,* 1f 3 CR 6 BBR2 *,* 2f 3 CR 6 BBR3 *,* 3f 3 CR 6 BBR4 *,* 4f 3 CR 6 BBR5 *,* 5f 3 CR 6 BBR6 *,* 6f 3 CR 6 BBR7 *,* 7f 3 CR 6 BBS0 *,* 8f 3 CR 6 BBS1 *,* 9f 3 CR 6 BBS2 *,* af 3 CR 6 BBS3 *,* bf 3 CR 6 BBS4 *,* cf 3 CR 6 BBS5 *,* df 3 CR 6 BBS6 *,* ef 3 CR 6 BBS7 *,* ff 3 CR 6 MUL "" 02 1 NOP 4 /* R65C00/21 only*/ PHX "" da 1 NOP 6 PHY "" 5a 1 NOP 6 PLX "" fa 1 NOP 6 PLY "" 7a 1 NOP 6 RMB0 * 07 2 NOP 6 RMB1 * 17 2 NOP 6 RMB2 * 27 2 NOP 6 RMB3 * 37 2 NOP 6 RMB4 * 47 2 NOP 6 RMB5 * 57 2 NOP 6 RMB6 * 67 2 NOP 6 RMB7 * 77 2 NOP 6 SMB0 * 87 2 NOP 6 SMB1 * 97 2 NOP 6 SMB2 * a7 2 NOP 6 SMB3 * b7 2 NOP 6 SMB4 * c7 2 NOP 6 SMB5 * d7 2 NOP 6 SMB6 * e7 2 NOP 6 SMB7 * f7 2 NOP 6 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 50 /* The following extended instructions are available on the R65C02 but not the R65C00/21 */ STZ *,X 9e 3 ZP 2 STZ * 9c 3 ZP 2 TRB * 1c 3 ZP 2 TSB * 0c 3 ZP 2 TASM - Table Driven Assembler Page 51 APPENDIX C - ORDERING INFORMATION TASM is distributed as shareware. If you find it useful, you are encouraged to become a registered user. Registered users receive the following benifits: 1. The recent version of TASM. 2. TASM source code (in C). 3. Bound TASM manual. 4. Knowledge that they are supporting the development of useful but inexpensive software. DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE -------------------------------------------------------------------- TASM Registration 30.00 ________ _______ TASM User's Manual (included above) 10.00 ________ _______ Subtotal _______ Tax (Washington state residents add 7.9%) _______ TOTAL (post paid) _______ Shipping Address: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Send check or money order (no credit cards) to: Speech Technology Incorporated 16321 176th Avenue NE Woodinville, WA 98072